Diabetes mellitus and the skin

Abstract: Several dermatoses are routinely associated with diabetes mellitus, especially in patients with chronic disease. This relationship can be easily proven in some skin disorders, but it is not so clear in others. Dermatoses such necrobiosis lipoidica, granuloma annulare, acanthosis nigricans and others are discussed in this text, with an emphasis on proven link with the diabetes or not, disease identification and treatment strategy used to control those dermatoses and diabetes.

Acantose nigricante: inter-relações metabólicas inerentes à síndrome dos ovários policísticos / Acanthosis nigricans: metabolic interrelations inherent to the polycystic ovary syndrome

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer a prevalência da acantose nigricante (AN) no contexto da síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) e as respectivas associações com a obesidade, a resistência insulínica (RI), a insulinemia e a síndrome metabólica (SM). MÉTODOS: Em um estudo transversal e prospectivo, foram selecionadas cem pacientes acometidas pela SOP, diagnosticadas segundo o Consenso de Rotterdam (2003). O exame cutâneo incluiu, além da verificação da presença da AN, a presença do hirsutismo (escore ≥8) e da acne. Foram investigados os dados clínicos e bioquímicos, os fatores de risco cardiovascular que se fazem presentes na SM, como circunferência abdominal (CA), obesidade, hipertensão e os índices de HDL e triglicérides. O modelo de aferição da resistência insulínica foi realizado por meio do teste homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RESULTADOS: A prevalência da AN (53%) mostrou correspondência significativa com o hirsutismo (p=0,02), o índice de massa corpórea (IMC) (p<0,01), a insulinemia basal (p<0,01), o HOMA-IR (p<0,01) e a SM (p<0,05). A SM alcançou a prevalência de 36% e associou-se significativamente apenas com a AN (p<0,01). Conquanto ausente o diabetes mellitus, sobressaem as conotações do HOMA-IR alterado (p=0,01) com a SM (p<5%) e a AN (p<0,01). CONCLUSÕES: A AN integra o quadro fenotípico grave da SOP como mais um signo previsível dos riscos da doença cardiovascular. .

PURPOSE: To establish the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans (AN) within the context of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its associations with obesity, insulin resistance, insulinemia, and metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS: A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted on 100 patients with PCOS diagnosed according to the Rotterdam Consensus (2003). The skin test included, in addition to the detection of the presence of AN, the presence of hirsutism (score ≥8) and acne. In addition to clinical and biochemical data, we investigated cardiovascular risk factors present in MS such as abdominal circumference, obesity, hypertension and HDL and triglyceride levels. Insulin resistance was determined by the HOMA-IR test. RESULTS: The prevalence of AN (53%) was significantly correlated with hirsutism (p=0.02), body mass index (p<0.01), basal insulinemia (p<0.01), (HOMA-IR) (p<0.01), and MS (p<0.01). The prevalence of MS reached 36% and was significantly associated only with AN (p<0.01). Although diabetes mellitus was absent, there was a significant association of altered HOMA-IR (p<0.01) with MS (p<5%) and AN (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: AN is part of the severe phenotypic profile of PCOS as an additional predictable sign of the risks of cardiovascular disease. .

Acantosis nigricans: importancia del odontólogo en el diagnóstico / Acanthosis nigricans: importance of the dentist in the diagnosis

La acantosis nigricans es un síndrome que afecta tanto la piel como las mucosas que se caracteriza por lesiones papilomatosas en mucosa bucal y alteraciones pigmentadas de la piel. Puede encontrarse con o sin asociación a neoplasia maligna, generalmente adenocarcinoma gástrico. Las manifestaciones bucales de este padecimiento, son más comunes cuando se encuentra asociada a neoplasia maligna y, se caracterizan por proliferaciones papilomatosas en labio, encías y lengua. El tratamiento es sintomático y al tratar la neoplasia subyacente se pueden llegar a resolver las lesiones de piel y de la boca. En el presente trabajo se describe un caso clínico asociado a adenocarcinoma de endometrio, destacando las manifestaciones bucales de la lesión de importancia para el estomatólogo de práctica general para que después de sea enviado al servicio correspondiente.

The acantosis nigricans is a syndrome that affects both the skin and the mucousas ones that are characterized by papilomatosus injuries in mucousae of the mouth and pigmented alterations of the skin. It can be with or without association to malignant neoplasia,, generally adenocarcinoma gastric. The mouth manifestations of this suffering, are more common when it is associated to malignant neoplasia and, are characterized by polilomatosus proliferations in lip, gums and tongue. The treatment is symptomatic and on having treated the neoplasia there can manage to be solved the injuries of skin and of the mouth. In the present work a clinical case is described, emphasizing the mouth manifestations of the injury of importance for the dentist for a good channeling of patiently and suitable attention.

Resistencia a la insulina e historia familiar de diabetes en niños y adolescentes obesos con acantosis nigricans y sin ella / Insulin resistance and family history of diabetes in obese children and with and without acanthosis nigricans

Introducción: las complicaciones metabólicas más importantes para la morbilidad y mortalidad que se derivan de la obesidad tienen como común denominador la resistencia a la insulina. Objetivo: determinar la existencia de resistencia a la insulina e historia familiar de diabetes en un grupo de niños y adolescentes obesos con y sin acantosis nigricans. Métodos: se estudiaron 46 sujetos obesos con y sin acantosis nigricans (21 varones y 25 hembras), con edades entre 4 y 16 años, procedentes de la consulta de endocrinología del Hospital Pediátrico Docente William Soler, en el período de noviembre de 2006 a febrero de 2007. Se les realizó, además de examen físico y anamnesis, prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa con determinación de glucemia e insulinemia en ayunas y a las 2 h. Se utilizó como criterio de resistencia a la insulina el índice HOMA. Resultados: la mayoría de los pacientes (36 sujetos) presentaron resistencia a la insulina, independientemente de la presencia o no de acantosis nigricans, que no estuvo relacionada con el grado de obesidad ni con el pliegue tricipital de grasa, pero sí con la historia familiar de diabetes tipo 2. La presencia de acantosis nigricans estuvo relacionada con el grado de obesidad. Se encontró un 13 por ciento de pacientes con criterios de prediabetes. Conclusiones: la obesidad y la historia familiar de diabetes tipo 2 en los niños y adolescentes se relacionan con la presencia de resistencia a la insulina, independientemente de la presencia de acantosis nigricans(AU)

Introduction: the more important metabolic complications for morbidity and mortality derived from obesity have in common the insulin resistance. Objective: to determine the insulin resistance and the family history of diabetes in a group of obese children and adolescents with and without acanthosis nigricans. Methods: forty six obese subjects with and without acanthosis nigricans (21 boys and 25 girls) aged between 4 and 16, from the William Soler Teaching Children Hospital were studied from November, 2006 to February, 2007. Also, they underwent a physical examination and anamnesis, a test of glucose tolerance with determination of fasting glycemia and insulinemia and at 12 hours. As criterion of insulin resistance the HOMA index was used. Results: most of patients (36 subjects) had insulin resistance, independently of the acanthosis nigricans presence, which was neither related to the obesity degree nor the fat tricipital fold, but yes to the family history of type 2 diabetes. The presence of acanthosis nigricans was related to the obesity degree. There was a 13 percent of patients with pre-diabetes criteria. Conclusions: the obesity and the family history of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents were related to presence of insulin resistance, independently of presence of acanthosis nigricans(AU)

Síndrome do ovário policístico: abordagem dermatológica / Polycystic ovary syndrome: a dermatologic approach

A síndrome do ovário policístico (SOP) é uma das endocrinopatias mais freqüentes nas mulheres em idade reprodutiva. Caracteriza-se por morbidade elevada devido aos aspectos estéticos e por repercussões metabólicas importantes. Embora a sua patogênese permaneça incompletamente conhecida, acredita-se numa desordem multigênica complexa, incluindo anormalidades no eixo hipotálamohipofisário, esteroidogênese e resistência insulínica. Os achados principais para o diagnóstico são: hiperandrogenismo, anovulação crônica e ovários policísticos à ultrassonografia. As manifestações dermatológicas do hiperandrogenismo incluem: hirsutismo, acne, seborréia, alopecia e, em casos mais graves, sinais de virilização. Existe considerável heterogeneidade nos achados clínicos e também pode haver variação na mesma paciente com o passar do tempo. O tratamento visa reduzir as manifestações do hiperandrogenismo, restaurar os ciclos ovulatórios regulares e corrigir a síndrome metabólica. Este artigo apresenta revisão da fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento da síndrome do ovário policístico. Enfatiza-se a importância do diagnóstico e tratamento precoces no intuito de prevenir as complicações metabólicas e a repercussão emocional que afeta a qualidade de vida das pacientes.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (POS) is one of the most common endocrine abnormalities affecting women of reproductive age. It is a cause of significant social embarrassment and emotional distress. The pathogenesis of the disease is not yet fully understood, but it is thought to be a complex multigenic disorder, including abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, steroidogenesis, and insulin resistance. The main diagnostic findings of the syndrome are: hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation and polycystic ovarian morphology seen on ultrasound. Hyperandrogenism is generally manifested as hirsutism, acne, seborrhea, androgenic alopecia and, in severe cases, signs of virilization. Treatment may improve the clinical manifestations of excess androgen production, normalize menses and ameliorate metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular complications. This article reviews the diagnosis, clinical manifestations, metabolic complications, and treatment of the syndrome. Early diagnosis and the consequent early treatment may prevent metabolic complications and emotional distress that negatively impact the patients' quality of life.

Costello syndrome.

Costello syndrome is a rare, distinctive, multiple congenital anomaly syndrome, characterized by soft, loose skin with deep palmar and plantar creases, loose joints, distinctive coarse facial features and skeletal and cardiac abnormalities. The affected patients have a predisposition to develop malignancy, developmental delays and mental retardation. Recently, a 7-year-old male child born to normal nonconsanguineous parents presented to us with abnormal facial features, arrhythmia, mitral valve dysfunction and growth retardation. His cutaneous examination revealed lax and pigmented skin over hands and feet with deep creases, acanthosis nigricans and short curly hairs. Its differentiation from other syndromes with similar clinical features is discussed in this article.

Acanthosis nigricans: unusual site presentation

Acanthosis nigricans is a skin disorder characterized clinically by abnormally increased coloration [hyperpigmentation] and velvety thickening [hyperkeratosis] of the skin, particularly of skin fold regions, such as of the neck, groin and under the arms [axillae]. Various benign forms have been identified in which may be inherited as primary condition or associated with various underlying syndromes, obesity, use of certain drugs or in association with underlying malignancies. A17-year- old, over weight Libyan male patient presented with two years history of non- itchy dark brown patch over the anterior abdominal wall [above the umbilicus] in a band like configuration, with changes in the skin texture [thickness] and increased skin marking over the lesion. There were no skin tags, no palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. His routine investigations were normal including fasting blood sugar and thyroid function test. Histologically revealed hyperkeratosis, dermal papillimatosis irregular acanthosis and horn pseudocyst. In conclusion, clinically and histologically, our case is consistent with the diagnosis of acanthosis nigricans, with unusual site presentation involving the anterior abdominal wall, which is to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported in the literature

Acantosis Nigricans de etiología benigna / Acanthosis nigricans of benign etiology

Esta comunicación tiene por objeto presentar un caso de Acantosis nigricans de etiología poco frecuente. La misma se caracteriza por la presencia de placas hiperpigmentadas y de tacto verrugoso aterciopelado, distribuidas simétricamente en áreas de flexión. Estas lesiones pueden ser manifestación de patologías benignas o acompañar a distintas neoplasias, constituyendo en este último caso un síndrome paraneoplásico. El caso que se presenta corresponde a un cuadro de Acantosis nigricans de etiología benigna poco frecuente.

Paquidermatóglifo. Acantose palmar - descriçäo de um caso clínico / Palmar acanthosis or tripe palms

Acantose palmar ou paquidermatóglifo é uma manifestaçäo cutânea paraneoplásica de grande valor clínico. Acomete a superfície palmar principalmente as áreas de pressäo como as eminências tenar e hipotenar e as pontas dos dedos. Ao exame histopatológico se caracteriza pela acentuaçäo do padräo histológico normal dos dermatóglifos. Na grande maioria das vezes está associado a malignidade interna sendo o pulmäo e o estômago os principais focos neoplásicos; embora sejam descritos casos relacionados a outras dermatoses. Relatamos um caso de paciente portador de carcinoma epidermóide pulmonar tratado com radioterapia do tumor há dois anos e que há quatro meses apresenta paquidermatóglifo associado a acantose nigricante. O reconhecimento da manifestaçäo cutânea como paraneoplásica é de fundamental importância para avaliaçäo do foco neoplásico e melhora do prognóstico.

Papilomatose confluente reticulada de Gougerot-Carteaud / Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis of Gougerot and Carteaud

Relatamos um caso de papilomatose confluente e reticulada de Gougerot-Carteaud, em uma paciente do sexo feminino, 14 anos de idade com evoluçäo de dois anos